大英帝国是怎样崛起并渐渐衰落的(王牌间谍俄罗斯版抖枪)

大英帝国的崛起，表现为黄金英镑霸权体系的建立

大英帝国崛起的历史逻辑是这样：

1. 1696 年，牛顿担任英格兰造币厂厂长，黄金本位货币体系确立。

波斯拜火教以炼金术闻名。

波斯炼金术发达，是因为波斯有足够的原始石油燃料，从岩石直接渗透出来的石油，就足够炼金。

牛顿从小信仰波斯拜火教（明教），牛顿试图通过炼金术，将廉价普通金属冶炼为黄金。从现代物理学角度，牛顿物理学主要是神学，翻译自波斯拜火教和中西亚其他宗教教义，如果去掉波斯的译文，牛顿思想自身原创性的不多。　　

牛顿担任造币厂厂长达 27 年，原因是造币厂职位是个闲职，工资又高。造币跟炼金相关，牛顿可以专心研究炼金术。牛顿死前，留下大量的炼金术手稿。

牛顿痛恨造假币者，因为牛顿是一个狂热的拜火教信徒，拜火教不容许炼金术旁落他人，伪造假币，也是相当于炼金术。伪造货币在牛顿时代是死刑，因此，在对造假币者行刑时，牛顿经常亲自监斩。　　

虽然炼金失败，但是牛顿却为英国树立了黄金本位货币体系，并在百年后取得成功。黄金本位的历史意义，在于挑战了白银本位的世界货币体系，尤其是白银本位的中国清政府。世界白银本位货币体系解体，间接造成清政府的解体。

2. 1816 年，英国颁布了金本位制度法案，开始实行“金本位制”，规定黄金为唯一的价值尺度，黄金开始转变为世界货币。

3. 1901 年，波斯（伊朗）国王阿尔丁，为了铁路建设资金，同澳大利亚族裔的英国人达西，签订了一份王家土地使用权协议。

该协议的土地使用权年限为 60 年，在 60 年期限内，达西可以在波斯的任何土地上，不受任何限制的进行石油勘探，获得的一切石油资产，均归达西所有。

为此，达西支付了 2 万美元现金，并同意在未来石油销售收入中支付 16% 给国王。

达西是一名地质勘探工程师，也信仰波斯的拜火教，对波斯神庙的火柱传说深信不疑。　　实际上，波斯的这些神庙火柱，就是石油的燃烧引起。本质上可以说，拜火教，就是拜石油教。对于达西而言，找到这些神庙，就能找到波斯的石油，他的这一思路，最终取得成功，波斯的第一口油井开始出油。波斯油井出油后，达西只希望卖掉这份合同，回到澳大利亚老家，过上好日子。

这个时候，对世界上大多数人而言，石油仅仅是作为煤油灯的燃料，石油的战略价值，只有少数几个人意识到。

其中，英国政府控股的盎格鲁波斯石油公司，和法国控制的罗斯柴尔德银行，率先闻风而动，两家都觊觎达西的合同。英国人技高一筹，他们派出英国王牌间谍赖利接近达西。赖利化装成波斯拜火教信徒，取得了达西的信任，购买到达西的波斯土地六十年使用权合同。

正是这份合同，使英国继续维持着黄金英镑世界霸权体系，一直到 1961 年；也因为这份合同结束，英国的世界霸权地位才彻底被推翻，取而代之的，是美利坚帝国的石油美元霸权体系。

大英帝国衰落
第一.英国是世界资本主义的先驱，但是并不意味着永远领先，因此就制度来说，其他国家效仿英国建立新兴的资本主义制度，并根据本国实际情况发展自己的经济，如果方法得当，赶超英国是可能的。
第二.国际形势的改变，资本主义早期，资本主义国际市场尚未形成，也很不发达，因此，尚未完善的市场就只能通过扩大消费者的所在土地面积、掠夺原料来维持和发展。当德、美、日等新兴的资本主义国家兴起和像法国等老牌资本主义国家赶上后，国际市场基本完善，已经形成了一个稳定的原料供应和消费群体。此时各国之间的竞争就要看各国工业体系的技术、资金等的实力了。在这个时候，英国的资本家们已经不怎么看好对国家强盛起着重要作用的工业了，而是更看中获利更容易的海外贸易，大量的资金外流到殖民地导致国内的工业普遍缺少资金，也就无法更新技术，其工业体系逐渐趋于老化。与此同时，德、美、日等新兴的资本主义国家由于没有那么多的殖民地，所以正在努力的更新技术，以达到更多的占有市场，获取收入。此消彼长，英国没有更强反而开始落后，而其他国家在兴起。
第三.两次世界大战的打击。两次世界大战基本都是以欧洲为主战场，长期的战争极大地消耗了英国的国力，而在战争中他的很多原有的势力范围和经济政治影响被美国所取代，这个也是一个很重要的原因。
第四，殖民地的独立运动。殖民地的纷纷独立也给正在衰落的大英帝国以沉重的打击，他丧失了大量以往的原料产地和海外市场。
自身的衰退和外来的打击导致了大英帝国的衰落。 In human history, once successively appeared many "powers", such as the ancient Greece and Rome, Britain,France and the United States today, etc. In these powers, England is the only ever established a single world hegemony countries, other countries are either regional powers,or once shared world hegemony with other country. From the 19th century,
Britain have completely established the hegemony of advantages in the global scope, almost lasted for a century. However, being called "day falls empire", Britain will never escape the fate of dominating a century later,Britain began gradually to decline and become a second-tier national.
Former radiance, although never to return,Britain for the world influence really should not be neglected, it involves political, economic, cultural and other aspects. For Britain's rise and fall, scholars always have different views.
It about three timesThe first period, Queen Elizabeth ascended the throne from the ruling to the end of the Glorious Revolution. British colonization began in the sea, and has defeated the Spanish Armada and the Netherlands Navy, from the rise of British sea power, a Europe. Glorious Revolution, the British formally established a constitutional monarchy form of government.Therefore the system, other countries follow the United Kingdom to establish the emerging capitalist system, and the actual situation of development in accordance with their own economic, if the right way, catch up with the UK is possible.
。The second period, from the end of the Glorious Revolution to the first industrial revolution. During this period, the British annexed the success of Scotland, and in the Anglo-French victory in the Seven Years War
The third period, from the first industrial revolution to the nineteenth century. The first industrial revolution of the rich raw materials, vast domestic market and changing technology, as well as the great achievements of thought - Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations" was published。
Britain is a pioneer of world capitalism, but not foreverThe international situation changes, early capitalism, the capitalist world market has not yet formed, and very underdeveloped
Not a perfect market to where consumers only through the expansion of land area, looting of raw materials to maintain and develop. When Germany, the United States, Japan, the rise of the emerging capitalist countries such as France and the old capitalist countries to catch up, the international market fundamentals improved, has formed a stable supply of raw materials and consumer groups. The shift, there is no more but starting to lag behind the UK, while the rise in other countries
Fight two world wars. Are basically two world wars of the European battlefield, the war greatly the long-term consumption of a British national
In the war many of his original sphere of influence and economic and political influence is replaced by the United States, this is a very important reason
British Empire Is the largest global colonial empire, envy of the world for more than a century. The formation of the British Empire 300 years of trade, migration and military conquest of the results, the period also of commercial diplomacy of peace and empire atrophy. Throughout the territory of the empire, including the seven continents, including Antarctica, four oceans, has been described as "empire the sun never sets"
Meanwhile, his decline is inevitable
. 哥们，一个学校的，哈哈。我舍友跟你一样，给你分答案吧
In human history, once successively appeared many "powers", such as the ancient Greece and Rome, Britain,France and the United States today, etc. In these powers, England is the only ever established a single world hegemony countries, other countries are either regional powers,or once shared world hegemony with other country. From the 19th century,
Britain have completely established the hegemony of advantages in the global scope, almost lasted for a century. However, being called "day falls empire", Britain will never escape the fate of dominating a century later,Britain began gradually to decline and become a second-tier national.
Former radiance, although never to return,Britain for the world influence really should not be neglected, it involves political, economic, cultural and other aspects. For Britain's rise and fall, scholars always have different views.
It about three timesThe first period, Queen Elizabeth ascended the throne from the ruling to the end of the Glorious Revolution. British colonization began in the sea, and has defeated the Spanish Armada and the Netherlands Navy, from the rise of British sea power, a Europe. Glorious Revolution, the British formally established a constitutional monarchy form of government.Therefore the system, other countries follow the United Kingdom to establish the emerging capitalist system, and the actual situation of development in accordance with their own economic, if the right way, catch up with the UK is possible.
。The second period, from the end of the Glorious Revolution to the first industrial revolution. During this period, the British annexed the success of Scotland, and in the Anglo-French victory in the Seven Years War
The third period, from the first industrial revolution to the nineteenth century. The first industrial revolution of the rich raw materials, vast domestic market and changing technology, as well as the great achievements of thought - Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations" was published。
Britain is a pioneer of world capitalism, but not foreverThe international situation changes, early capitalism, the capitalist world market has not yet formed, and very underdeveloped
Not a perfect market to where consumers only through the expansion of land area, looting of raw materials to maintain and develop. When Germany, the United States, Japan, the rise of the emerging capitalist countries such as France and the old capitalist countries to catch up, the international market fundamentals improved, has formed a stable supply of raw materials and consumer groups. The shift, there is no more but starting to lag behind the UK, while the rise in other countries
Fight two world wars. Are basically two world wars of the European battlefield, the war greatly the long-term consumption of a British national
In the war many of his original sphere of influence and economic and political influence is replaced by the United States, this is a very important reason
British Empire Is the largest global colonial empire, envy of the world for more than a century. The formation of the British Empire 300 years of trade, migration and military conquest of the results, the period also of commercial diplomacy of peace and empire atrophy. Throughout the territory of the empire, including the seven continents, including Antarctica, four oceans, has been described as "empire the sun never sets"
Meanwhile, his decline is inevitable
. Rise and fall of the British Empire

In human history, once successively appeared many "powers", such as the ancient Greece and Rome, Britain, France and the United States today, etc. In these powers, England is the only ever established a single world hegemony countries, other countries are either regional powers, or once shared world hegemony with other country. From the 19th century, Britain have completely established the hegemony of advantages in the global scope, almost lasted for a century. However, being called "day falls empire", Britain will never escape the fate of dominating a century later, Britain began gradually to decline and become a second-tier national. Former radiance, although never to return, Britain for the world influence really should not be neglected, it involves political, economic, cultural and other aspects. For Britain's rise and fall, scholars always have different views. 我自己都在愁呢，800字是吧，30号交是吧，省省吧好吧 劳驾谁知道这老师叫什么，我去晚了，论文没交，急用啊 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (English: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland [2]), hereinafter referred to as The United Kingdom (The United Kingdom) or British (Britain), on The island of Great Britain is made of England, Scotland and wales, and northeast of The Northern Ireland and a series of AiErLanDao affiliated island composed of a small island.
British home is located in the northwest Europe of the British Isles, be the north sea, the English channel, Celtic sea, the Irish sea and surrounded by the Atlantic ocean. In addition to outside Britain, including 14 overseas territory [3].
The United Kingdom consists of four countries combined and become, respectively is England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and wales [4]. The adoption of the British parliamentary system, the seat of government for London, but also have the other three national administrative institutions located in Belfast, add jermain Defoe and Edinburgh. The UK is a constitutional monarchy, the current monarch is queen Elizabeth ii.
In Britain the most strong period of time is known as the British empire, the empire in 1922 reached a peak, with a quarter of the land around the world, are the world's biggest empire, the British empire, the British to continue in language, culture, and the political its former colony retained the huge influence, and Britain's queen Elizabeth ii is now still is the head of the commonwealth organization, and 15 other commonwealth countries head of state.
Britain is a developed country, is the world's six economies, is the first industrialized countries [5], it is 19 century and early twentieth century the most powerful country in the world [6], but after two world wars and the 20 th century the collapse of the British empire, Britain has lost once in international affairs leadership. However, Britain is still a in the world with a strong influence within the scope of the economic, cultural, and military power.
Britain is the first and the second world war ii main victors with nuclear weapons, and the second or third military spending, is a permanent member of the UN security council, have veto power to the bill, Britain also for eu member states, NATO member states and one of the founding members G8; Also is a series of international organizations such as a member of the OECD, the WTO.